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Scotland's Mark on America

By George Fraser

Summary of Scotland's Mark on America

The book explores the significant impact of Scotland on America, highlighting the contributions of Scots to the country's history, politics, education, literature, and other fields. From the early Scottish immigration to America in the 17th and 18th centuries to the present day, Scots have played a major role in shaping American society and culture. The book discusses the achievements of notable Scots, such as Alexander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, and John C. Calhoun, who have made significant contributions to American history, politics, and industry. It also highlights the contributions of Scots to American education, literature, and social welfare, including the founding of universities, colleges, and libraries, as well as the work of Scottish-American authors and social reformers. Additionally, the book explores the role of Scots in various fields, including law, art, architecture, engineering, medicine, and industry, and notes the influence of Scottish law, culture, and traditions on American society. The book concludes by emphasizing the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development, demonstrating that Scottish ancestry and culture continue to shape American identity and society today.

Chapter Summary of Scotland's Mark on America

SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA

The chapter discusses the significant impact of Scotland on America, highlighting the contributions of Scots to the country's history, politics, education, literature, and other fields. It begins by noting that many Americans have Scottish ancestry, and that Scotland has had a profound influence on American culture and society. The chapter then explores the history of Scottish immigration to America, including the early settlers who came to the colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. It also discusses the role of Scots in shaping American politics, including their involvement in the Revolutionary War and the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as Alexander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, and John C. Calhoun, who played important roles in American history. Additionally, it touches on the contributions of Scots to American education, literature, and social welfare, including the founding of universities, colleges, and libraries, as well as the work of Scottish-American authors and social reformers. Overall, the chapter aims to demonstrate the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTTISH EMIGRATION TO THE AMERICAN COLONIES

The chapter discusses the significant impact of Scottish emigration on the development of the American colonies. Many Scots emigrated to America in the 17th and 18th centuries, settling primarily in the colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the South. These Scottish immigrants brought with them their language, culture, and values, which had a profound influence on the colonies. They played a major role in shaping American politics, education, literature, and social welfare. The chapter highlights the contributions of notable Scots, such as Alexander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, and John C. Calhoun, who played important roles in American history. It also discusses the role of Scots in the Revolutionary War and the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The chapter concludes by noting the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SOME PROMINENT SCOTS AND SCOTS FAMILIES

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots and Scots families to American history, politics, literature, education, and other fields. Many prominent Americans, including presidents, politicians, writers, and educators, have Scottish ancestry. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as Alexander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, and John C. Calhoun, who played important roles in American history. It also touches on the contributions of Scots to American education, literature, and social welfare, including the founding of universities, colleges, and libraries, as well as the work of Scottish-American authors and social reformers. Overall, the chapter aims to demonstrate the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS COLONIAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American colonies, particularly in the fields of politics, education, literature, and social welfare. Many Scottish immigrants settled in the colonies, bringing with them their language, culture, and values, which had a profound influence on the development of the United States. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as Alexander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, and John C. Calhoun, who played important roles in American history. It also touches on the contributions of Scots to American education, literature, and social reform, including the founding of universities, colleges, and libraries, as well as the work of Scottish-American authors and social reformers.

SCOTS AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American Revolution, particularly in the drafting and signing of the Declaration of Independence. Many Scots, such as John Witherspoon, James Wilson, and Philip Livingston, played important roles in the Continental Congress and were signers of the Declaration. The chapter also highlights the role of Scots in the Revolutionary War, including generals such as Hugh Mercer and Lachlan McIntosh. Additionally, it notes the influence of Scottish Presbyterianism on American politics and the development of the United States. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American Revolution, particularly in the drafting and signing of the Declaration of Independence. Many Scots, such as John Witherspoon, James Wilson, and Philip Livingston, played important roles in the Continental Congress and were signers of the Declaration. The chapter also highlights the role of Scots in the Revolutionary War, including generals such as Hugh Mercer and Lachlan McIntosh. Additionally, it notes the influence of Scottish Presbyterianism on American politics and the development of the United States. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS IN THE PRESIDENCY

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American presidency, highlighting the number of presidents of Scottish descent and their achievements. It also explores the role of Scots in other high-ranking government positions, such as vice-presidents, cabinet officers, senators, and governors. The chapter provides examples of notable Scots who have held these positions and their accomplishments, demonstrating the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS VICE-PRESIDENTS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American vice-presidency, highlighting the number of vice-presidents of Scottish descent and their achievements. At least six vice-presidents, including John Caldwell Calhoun, George Mifflin Dallas, John Cabell Breckenridge, Henry Wilson, Thomas Andrews Hendricks, and Adlai Ewing Stevenson, were of Scottish or Ulster Scot descent. These individuals played important roles in American history, with some serving as cabinet officers, senators, and diplomats. The chapter also mentions other notable Scots who held high-ranking government positions, including presidents, governors, and members of Congress. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS CABINET OFFICERS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American cabinet, highlighting their involvement in various government positions, including Secretary of War, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State, and other departments. Many Scots have held cabinet positions, including William Harris Crawford, John Bell, George Washington Crawford, and Simon Cameron, who served as Secretary of War. Others, such as Louis McLane, James Guthrie, and Hugh McCulloch, held positions in the Treasury Department. The chapter also mentions Scots who served in other cabinet positions, including Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, and Postmaster-General. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS IN THE SENATE

The chapter "Scots in the Senate" explores the significant contributions of Scots to the United States Senate. Many Scots have held prominent positions in the Senate, including John Ewing Colhoun, George Logan, and John Rutherfurd, who were all of Scottish birth or descent. Other notable Scots in the Senate include James Brown, Jacob Burnet, John Leeds Kerr, and Alexander Campbell. The chapter also mentions Simon Cameron, who was a grandson of a Cameron who fought at Culloden and later became Secretary of War in Lincoln's Cabinet. Additionally, the chapter notes that James Donald Cameron, son of Simon Cameron, was President of the Northern Central Railroad of Pennsylvania and Senator from Pennsylvania. Overall, the chapter highlights the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the United States House of Representatives. Many Scots have held prominent positions in the House, including William Houston, John Morin Scott, William Burnet, William Crawford, William Fitzhugh Gordon, Leonidas Felix Livingston, John Louis Macdonald, James Buchanan, David Bremner Henderson, William Grant Laidlaw, and John Edgar Reyburn. These individuals have played important roles in shaping American politics and legislation, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on the country's development. The chapter highlights the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's political institutions.

SCOTS IN THE JUDICIARY

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American judiciary. Many Scots have held prominent positions in the judiciary, including Chief Justices and Associate Justices of the United States Supreme Court. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as Andrew Kirkpatrick, George Robertson, and Eugenius Aristides Nisbet, who have made significant contributions to American jurisprudence. The influence of Scottish law and legal traditions on American law is also noted, with many American lawyers and judges tracing their roots back to Scotland. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS AMBASSADORS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the United States diplomatic corps. Many Scots have served as ambassadors, ministers, and consuls, representing the United States in foreign countries. Some notable examples include John Graham, Charles Johnston McCurdy, Miller Grieve, William Hunter, and Whitelaw Reid. These individuals have played important roles in shaping American foreign policy and promoting the country's interests abroad. The chapter highlights the achievements of these Scots and their descendants, who have continued to make significant contributions to American diplomacy. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS STATE GOVERNORS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the governorships of various American states. Many Scots have held the office of governor in states such as Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, and California. These governors have played important roles in shaping the history and development of their respective states, and their Scottish ancestry has had a lasting impact on American politics and society.

SCOTS IN THE ARMY

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the American army, highlighting their bravery, military skills, and leadership during various wars, including the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the Civil War. Many Scots held high-ranking positions in the army, such as generals, colonels, and captains, and played important roles in shaping American military history. The chapter also mentions the Scottish origins of several notable American military leaders, including Alexander MacDougall, Robert Erskine, and Hugh Mercer. Additionally, it notes the contributions of Scots to the development of the United States Navy, including John Paul Jones, who is considered one of the most famous Scottish names in American naval history.

SCOTS IN THE NAVY

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the United States Navy. Many Scots have served with distinction in the Navy, including John Paul Jones, who is considered one of the most famous Scottish names in American naval history. Other notable Scots in the Navy include James Craig, Alexander Murray, John Rodgers, George Campbell Read, Isaac McKeever, and John Berrien Montgomery. The chapter also mentions the Nicholson family, who were famous in the naval annals of the United States for three generations, from the Revolution to the Civil War. Additionally, the chapter highlights the achievements of Scots who served in the Navy during the Mexican War and the Civil War, including Winfield Scott, John Munroe, James Bowie, and John McIntosh Kell.

SCOTS AS SCIENTISTS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including science, medicine, education, literature, and social welfare. Many Scots have made notable achievements in these areas, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as Alexander Wilson, David Hosack, and Samuel Guthrie, who have made significant contributions to science and medicine. It also mentions the role of Scots in education, including the founding of colleges and universities, and their contributions to literature, including the works of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Additionally, the chapter notes the contributions of Scots to social welfare, including the establishment of charities and philanthropic organizations. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS PHYSICIANS

The chapter highlights the significant contributions of Scots to the field of medicine in America. Many Scots have made notable achievements in this area, including Alexander Hamilton, who was a physician and statesman. Other notable Scots in medicine include Dr. Gustavus Brown, Dr. John Lining, Dr. Lionel Chalmers, and Dr. James Craik, who was the physician-general of the United States Army. The chapter also mentions Dr. Ephraim McDowell, who is considered the "father of ovariotomy," and Dr. George McClellan, who was a prominent surgeon and founder of the Jefferson Medical College. Additionally, the chapter notes the contributions of Scots to the development of medical education in America, including the establishment of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development in the field of medicine.

SCOTS IN EDUCATION

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to education in America, highlighting their role in establishing and developing various educational institutions, including colleges, universities, and schools. Many Scots were prominent educators, administrators, and founders of educational institutions, and their influence can still be seen in the American education system today. The chapter also notes that Scots were instrumental in introducing new educational ideas and methods, such as the concept of a "log college," which was a precursor to Princeton University. Additionally, the chapter mentions several notable Scots who made significant contributions to American education, including James Blair, Francis Alison, and William Smith, who were all involved in the establishment and development of various educational institutions. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's educational development.

SCOTS IN LITERATURE

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to American literature, highlighting the works of various Scottish-American authors and their impact on the country's literary development. Many Scots have made notable contributions to American literature, including Washington Irving, who is considered one of the most famous American writers. Other notable authors of Scottish descent include Hugh Henry Brackenridge, David Ramsay, Gilbert Imlay, and Robert Dinsmoor. The chapter also mentions the influence of Scottish literature on American writing, particularly in the areas of poetry and fiction. Additionally, it notes the role of Scots in the development of American education and their contributions to the country's intellectual and cultural heritage. Overall, the chapter aims to demonstrate the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's literary development.

SCOTS IN THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL WELFARE

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to the church and social welfare in America. Many Scots played important roles in shaping the country's religious and social landscape, including Francis Makemie, who organized the first American Presbytery, and Alexander Garden, who was a prominent Episcopalian minister. Other notable Scots include George Gillespie, Alexander McWhorter, and James Waddell, who were all involved in the development of various churches and religious institutions. The chapter also highlights the contributions of Scots to social welfare, including the establishment of schools, hospitals, and other charitable organizations. Additionally, it mentions the work of Scots in promoting education, women's rights, and other social causes, such as Robert Dale Owen, who was a strong advocate for negro emancipation, and Fanny Wright, who lectured extensively on social and political issues. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development in the areas of church and social welfare.

SCOTS AS LAWYERS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including law, art, architecture, engineering, industries, banking, finance, insurance, railroads, journalism, publishing, and typefounding. Many Scots have held prominent positions in these fields, including lawyers, artists, architects, engineers, industrialists, bankers, journalists, and publishers. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Mercer, Robert Auchmuty, Hugh Maxwell, Edward Duffield Ingraham, Robert Rantoul, and John Jay McGilvra, who have made significant contributions to American law, art, architecture, and engineering. Additionally, the chapter mentions the contributions of Scots to industries, such as Robert Gilmor, who founded the East India trade in America, and Alexander Milne Calder, who designed the sculpture for the Philadelphia City Hall. The chapter also discusses the role of Scots in banking, finance, insurance, and railroads, including James Blair, who was involved in the development of banks and railroads in Pennsylvania, and Alexander Mitchell, who was a financier and railroad builder. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the contributions of Scots to journalism and publishing, including John Campbell, who published the first newspaper in North America, and David Hall, who was a printer and publisher in Philadelphia. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the significant impact that Scots have had on the development of America in various fields.

SCOTS IN ART, ARCHITECTURE, ETC.

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including art, architecture, engineering, law, medicine, and industry. Many Scots have made notable achievements in these areas, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Smibert, Gilbert Charles Stuart, and Alexander Milne Calder, who have made significant contributions to American art and architecture. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of various industries, including shipbuilding, textiles, and steel production. Additionally, the chapter notes the contributions of Scots to the fields of law, medicine, and engineering, including the work of lawyers, doctors, and engineers who have made significant contributions to their respective fields. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS INVENTORS

The chapter discusses the contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including law, art, architecture, engineering, and industry. Many Scots have made notable achievements in these areas, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Mercer, Robert Auchmuty, and Hugh Maxwell, who have made significant contributions to American law and politics. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of American art, architecture, and engineering, including the work of artists, architects, and engineers who have designed and built notable buildings and structures. Additionally, the chapter touches on the contributions of Scots to American industry, including the establishment of banks, railroads, and other businesses. Overall, the chapter aims to demonstrate the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS ENGINEERS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including law, art, architecture, engineering, and industry. Many Scots have held prominent positions in these fields, including lawyers, artists, architects, engineers, and industrialists. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Mercer, Robert Auchmuty, and Hugh Maxwell, who have made significant contributions to American law and politics. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of American art, architecture, and engineering, including the work of artists, architects, and engineers who have designed and built notable buildings and structures. Additionally, the chapter touches on the contributions of Scots to American industry, including the establishment of banks, railroads, and other businesses.

SCOTS IN INDUSTRIES

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including law, art, architecture, engineering, industry, banking, finance, insurance, and railroads. Many Scots have held prominent positions in these fields, including lawyers, artists, architects, engineers, industrialists, bankers, and railroad builders. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Mercer, Robert Auchmuty, and Hugh Maxwell, who have made significant contributions to American law and politics. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of American art, architecture, and engineering, including the work of artists, architects, and engineers who have designed and built notable buildings and structures. Additionally, the chapter touches on the contributions of Scots to American industry, including the establishment of banks, railroads, and other businesses. The chapter also discusses the role of Scots in banking, finance, insurance, and railroads, including the founding of banks, insurance companies, and railroad lines. Many Scots have played important roles in these industries, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society.

SCOTS IN BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE AND RAILROADS

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including law, art, architecture, engineering, industry, banking, finance, insurance, and railroads. Many Scots have held prominent positions in these fields, including lawyers, artists, architects, engineers, industrialists, bankers, and railroad builders. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Smibert, Gilbert Charles Stuart, and Alexander Milne Calder, who have made significant contributions to American art and architecture. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of American industry, including the establishment of banks, railroads, and other businesses. Additionally, the chapter notes the contributions of Scots to American finance, including the founding of the Bank of the United States and the development of the country's financial system. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SCOTS AS JOURNALISTS, PUBLISHERS AND TYPEFOUNDERS

This chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including journalism, publishing, and typefounding. Many Scots have made notable achievements in these areas, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Campbell, who published the first newspaper in North America, and Alexander Milne Calder, who designed the sculpture for the Philadelphia City Hall. It also mentions the contributions of Scots to the development of the printing industry, including the introduction of new technologies and techniques. Additionally, the chapter touches on the role of Scots in the development of American literature, including the works of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Overall, the chapter demonstrates the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

SOME PROMINENT SCOTS IN NEW YORK CITY

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including law, art, architecture, engineering, industry, banking, finance, insurance, and railroads. Many Scots have held prominent positions in these fields, including lawyers, artists, architects, engineers, industrialists, bankers, and railroad builders. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Mercer, Robert Auchmuty, and Hugh Maxwell, who have made significant contributions to American law and politics. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of American art, architecture, and engineering, including the work of artists, architects, and engineers who have designed and built notable buildings and structures. Additionally, the chapter touches on the contributions of Scots to American industry, including the establishment of banks, railroads, and other businesses. The chapter also discusses the role of Scots in banking, finance, insurance, and railroads, including the founding of banks, insurance companies, and railroad lines. Many Scots have played important roles in these industries, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society.

SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in the United States, including law, art, architecture, engineering, industry, banking, finance, insurance, railroads, journalism, publishing, and typefounding. Many Scots have held prominent positions in these fields, including lawyers, artists, architects, engineers, industrialists, bankers, journalists, and publishers. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Mercer, Robert Auchmuty, and Hugh Maxwell, who have made significant contributions to American law and politics. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of American art, architecture, and engineering, including the work of artists, architects, and engineers who have designed and built notable buildings and structures. Additionally, the chapter touches on the contributions of Scots to American industry, including the establishment of banks, railroads, and other businesses. The chapter also discusses the role of Scots in banking, finance, insurance, and railroads, including the founding of banks, insurance companies, and railroad lines. Many Scots have played important roles in these industries, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the contributions of Scots to journalism, publishing, and typefounding, including the establishment of newspapers, magazines, and publishing houses. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the enduring legacy of Scotland in America and the significant impact that Scots have had on the country's development.

CONCLUSION

The chapter discusses the significant contributions of Scots to various fields in America, including law, art, architecture, engineering, industry, banking, finance, insurance, and railroads. Many Scots have held prominent positions in these fields, including lawyers, artists, architects, engineers, industrialists, bankers, and railroad builders. The chapter highlights the achievements of notable Scots, such as John Mercer, Robert Auchmuty, and Hugh Maxwell, who have made significant contributions to American law and politics. It also mentions the role of Scots in the development of American art, architecture, and engineering, including the work of artists, architects, and engineers who have designed and built notable buildings and structures. Additionally, the chapter touches on the contributions of Scots to American industry, including the establishment of banks, railroads, and other businesses. The chapter also discusses the role of Scots in banking, finance, insurance, and railroads, including the founding of banks, insurance companies, and railroad lines. Many Scots have played important roles in these industries, and their contributions have had a lasting impact on American society.